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Joseph Marie Jules Parrot
French physician, born November 1, 1829, Excideuil, Dordogne; died August 5, 1883.
Associated eponyms:
Kaufmann's syndrome
Chondrodysplasia foetalis.
Parrot's atrophy in the newborn
A nutritional deficiency in infants.
Parrot's cicatrix
Whitish cicatrices occurring at the sites of labial fissures, observed in children with congenital syphilis.
Parrot's nodes
Nodes on the frontal and parietal bones of the skull, giving it a buttocklike shape, seen in congenital syphilis.
Parrot's sign
Distention of the pupil in pain.
Parrot's ulcer
Lesions seen in thrush or stomatitis.
Parrot-Cornet rule
A law pertaining to inhalation tuberculosis.
Parrot-Kaufmann syndrome
Achondroplasia. A form of disproportionate short-limb dwarfism with characteristic malformations of bone.
Wegner's disease
Pseudoparalysis due to separation of orthochondritic epiphyses occurring in infants with congenital syphilis.
Biography:
Joseph Marie Jules Parrot, the son of a physician, first attended the polytechnical high school in Paris, before changing to medicine. He became Interne des hôpitaux in 1852, and in 1856 received a prize for his work Considérations sur le zona. He received his medical doctorate in 1857, becoming professeur agrégé in 1860, Médecin des hôpitaux in 1862. That year ill health forced him to spend two years in Alegria before returning to Paris.
A student of Joseph Honoré Simon Beau (1806-1865) Parrot initially studied cardiovascular disease and wrote a number of papers on cardiac vascular bruits, including those due to anaemia and he also studied bruits in the neck. He combined clinical with pathological investigation and made careful measurements of the weights of organs.
In 1867 he transferred to the Hospice des Enfants-Assistés and from here on devoted his studies to paediatrics and became one of the pioneers in this discipline. He described and classified numerous disorders of the new born and devoted considerable attention to the development of the brain and the effects of hereditary syphilis both on the nervous system and other body organs including the bones, liver and lung. He wrote the first report of the pneumococcus in 1881 with Louis Pasteur and also the Ghon lesion in 1876.
In 1876, after the death of Paul-Joseph Lorain (1827-1875), he received the chair of the history of medicine in the faculty of medicine, changing this for the foundation chair of pediatrics in 1879. This chair was established at his hospital, L’Hospice des Enfants-Assistés. He was elected member of the Académie de médecine in 1878.
An enthusiastic anthropologist, Parot was one of the founders of the French Society of Anthropology and was its president in 1881. He discovered the cave at Excideuil, explored it and wrote a description of it.
Bibliography:
- Considérations sur le zona.
Prize winning work. Union médicale, Paris, 1856.
- Propositions de médecine.
Doctoral thesis, Paris, 1857.
- Étude sur la sueur de sang et les hémorrhagies névropathiques.
Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie, Paris, 1859.
- De la morte apparente.
Thèse d'agrégation; Paris, 1860.
- Étude sur un bruit de soufle cardiaque symptomatique de l’asystolie.
Archives générales de médecine, Paris, 1865.
- Étude clinique sur le siège, le mécanisme et la valeur séméiologique des murmures vasculaires inorganiques de la région du cou.
Archives générales de médecine, Paris, 1867.
- Étude clinique sur le siège et le mécanisme des bruits cardiaques dits anémiques.
Archives générales de médecine, Paris, 1866.
- Maximilien Stoll.
Conférences historiques faites à la Faculté de médecine, Paris, 1866.
- Étude de la stéatose interstitielle diffuse de l’encéphale chez le nouveau-né.
Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique, Paris, 1868.
- Sur un cas d’hydatide du cerveau observé à l’hospice des Enfants-Assistés.
Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique Paris, 1868.
- Du muquet gastrique et de quelques autres localisations de ce parasite.
Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique Paris, 1869.
- Note sur un cas de rupture de la moëlle chez un nouveau-né par suite de manoeuvres pendant l’accouchement.
Bulletins et mémoires de la Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, 1869.
- Étude sur l’encéphalopathie urémique et le tétanos des nouveau-nés.
Archives générales de médecine, Paris, 1872.
- Note sur l’infarctus uratique des reins chez les nouveau-nés.
Union médicale, Paris, 1872.
- Sur une pseudo-paralysie causée par une altération du système osseux chez les nouveau-nés atteints de syphilis héréditaire.
Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique Paris, 1872.
- Sur le remollissement de l’encéphale chez les nouveau-nés.
Archives de physiologie normale et pathologique, Paris, 1873.
- Études sur l’hémorrhagie encéphalique chez les nouveau-nés.
Archives de tocologie, Paris, 1875.
- Recherches sur les relations qui existent entre les lésions des poumons et celles des ganglions trachéo-bronchiques.
Comptes rendus de la Société de biologie, Paris, 1876, sér 6, 3: 308-309.
The primary lesion in pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Gohn’s primary focus was first described by Parrot.
- Clinique des nouveau-nés. L’athrepsie.
Leçons recueillies par le Dr. Troisier. Paris, Masson, 1877.
- L’organisme microscopique trouvé par M. Pasteur dans la maladie nouvelle provoquée par la salive d’un enfant mort de la rage.
Bulletin de l’Académie de médecine, Paris, 1881, 2 sér. 10: 379.
Probably the earliest record of pneumococcus.
- Leçons cliniques sur la fièvre typhoïde chez les enfants.
Progrés médical, Paris, 1883.
- La syphilis hereditaire et le rachitis. (Maladies de enfants).
Paris, Masson, 1886. 309 pages.
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