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Cushing's syndrome I
Also known as:
Cushing’s disease
Apert-Gallais syndrome
Apert-Cushing syndrome
Crooke-Apert-Gallais syndrome
Cushing’s basophilism
Gallais’ syndrome
Itsenko-Cushing syndrome
Associated persons:
Eugène Charles Apert
Arthur Carleton Crooke
Harvey Williams Cushing
Alfred Gallais
Nikolai Mikhailovich Itsenko
Description:
Glucocorticoid excess syndrome in which the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids is secondary to hypersecretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone from the pituitary. It may also be caused by a basophilic adenoma of the pituitary. Clinical features are fatigue, weakness, abdominal obesity, «buffalo hump» (an excessive deposit of fat over the clavicles and back of the neck), and moon-shaped face, nervousness, irritability, depression, and amenorrhoea or menstrual irregularity. Most commonly observed in females in childbearing age. In males there is loss of potency. Hirsutism, plethora, abdominal striae, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, increased susceptibility to infection, cataracts, renal calculi, senile purpura, proximal myopathy, hypertension may be associated. The syndrome may be recognized soon after birth; children with it have stunted growth. It can also be caused by treatment with corticosteroids.
Some synonyms of this syndrome are used also to designate congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
According to one author, the syndrome was first described by William Cook (no further information available) in 1756. It was then described by Nikolai Mikhailovich Itsenko in 1926, six years before Cushing, who in 1932 ascribed the symptom complex to a basophilic adenoma of the pituitary.
The term Cushing’s syndrome for this condition was introduced by Fuller Albright (1900-1969) in 1943.
There is some disagreement among authors as to whether Cushing’s syndrome I and the Apert-Gallais syndrome is the same entity.
Bibliography:
- N. Itzenko:
Pluriglandulares Syndrom mit pathologish-anatomishen Bild.
Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Berlin, 1926, 103: 63.
E. Apert:
Dystrophies en relation avec des lésions des capsules surrénales. Hirsutisme et progenia.
Bulletin de la Société de pédiatrie de Paris, 1910, 12: 501-518.
- A. Gallais:
Le syndrome génitosurrénal, étude anatomo-clinique. Paris, 1912: 224.
- H. W. Cushing:
The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism).
Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1932, 50: 137-195.
- N. M. Itsenko:
K klinike i patogenezu cerebralnych vegetativnych syndromov v sviazi s ucheniem o mezhutocno-gipofizarnoi systeme. Voronezh, 1946.
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