- A dictionary of medical eponyms

William Thomas Councilman

Born  1853
Died  1933

Related eponyms

American pathologist, born January 1, 1854, Pikesville, Maryland; died May 26, 1933, York Village, Maine.

Biography of William Thomas Councilman

William Thomas Councilman was born on a farm near Baltimore, and he always regarded it as fortunate that his early years were passed in such an environment. He was the son of Dr. John T. Councilman (1815-1890), a rural physician. William Thomas went to local schools and he attended the St. Johns College in Annapolis. He left at age 16 and for the next six years "led an independent existence, raised side whiskers, considered himself a very ripe individual and and did pretty much as he chose"

A country boy in medicine
At thee age of 22 Councilman decided to follow in the footsteps of his his father and entered medical school at the University of Maryland. This was no better nor worse than most schools of the period, the two-year course consisting largely of a series of lectures. The dissecting room, however, provided the contact with nature for which he yearned. The farm provided an excellent opportunity to satisfy his curiosity and, beginning with the mole, he proceeded to make a comparative study of the skulls of all available animals until the collection finally threatened to throw him out of his bedroom. The collecgtion was sold to a bone collector and he went back to the lectures. In March of 1878 he attained the degree "qualifying him to exercise the art of medicine."

On September 12, 1876, his father heard the address by Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) at the opening of the Johns Hopkins University, which started with young men, had a laboratory and was unhampered by tradition. Councilman went there on a fellowship to work with the physiologist Henry Newell Martin in biology, studying the problems of elementary experimental physiology. Here he wrote his first paper «Inflammation of the cornea» and became interested in pathology. For this he was given a prize of one hundred dollars. he was tempted to take up biology as a career, but after short periods of medical service at Baltimore’s Marine Hospital and Bayview Asylum, his main interest changed to histological pathology.

Training i Europe
In order to pursue this subject, Councilman in 1880 went to Europe for intensive training in pathology, working in Vienna under men who had been brought up in the tradition of Karl Freiherr von Rokitansky (1804-1878). He also worked for a considerable time under Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833-1910) in the new school at Strassburg, and with Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884) and Carl Weigert (1845-1904) in Leipzig. Finally he spent some time with Hans Chiari (1851-1916) in Prague, a man of his own age whom he had first met in Vienna.

Councilman returned to Baltimore in 1883, engaging himself in various tasks. He helped John Shaw Billings (1838-1913) prepare his National Medical Dictionary and performed autopsies at Bayview where for one year he served as the coroner's physician to the city. In 1886 he became associate in pathology under at Johns Hopkins, joining William Henry Welch (1850-1934) and the early group of workers in the newly erected pathological laboratory which was to form a part of a great hospital still in slow process of erection.

Professor
Councilman then spent another year in Europe before the opening of Johns Hopkins Medical School. In 1892 he was appointed Shattuck professor of pathological anatomy at Harvard, the first outsider ever to be so appointed. He soon proved himself a highly competent investigator and an exceptionally able teacher, in both the classroom and the several hospitals with which he became associated. In 1890, together with Frank Burr Mallory (1862-1941) and Richard Mills Pearce (1874-1939), he brought out a comprehensive monograph on diphteria. At the same time he developed an intense interest in cerebrospinal meningitis and chronic nephritis and published several important studies on these diseases with Mallory and John Homer Wright (1869-1928).

Flower power
From his farm upbringing he was always interested in plants and in fact planted shrubs and flowers around the Brigham Hospital and was a close friend of the director of the Arnold Arboretum in Boston. He was one of the earliest of the conservationists and wrote a number of papers on plants, and had a bulldog called Pasco who was always at his side. He was emeritus from 1922.

On Tradition
Councilman admired tradition but was also wary of it, commenting that the reason for Johns Hopkin’s initial success and enthusiasm was the total lack of it. He said, «tradition may be very important, but can also be extremely hampering as well and whether or not tradition is of very much value, I have never been certain». «It is an important thing that people be happy in their work, and if work does not bring happiness there is something wrong».

A techer honoured
Councilman was widely honored. He was the principal founder and first president of the American Association of Pathologist and Bacteriologists, and in that capacity greatly stimulated the development of pathology in the United States.

He described as a delightful, informal teacher who commented: «I think lecturing is an intellectual stimulus and comparatively harmless to the audience . . . . it does not really matter much what the lecturer says».

Bibliography

  • A contribution to the study of inflammation as illustrated by induced keratitis.
    Prize essay of the Baltimore Academy of Medicine. Baltimore: J. Murphy & Co., 1880, 28 pages. Reprint from Journal of Physiology, London, 1880-1882, 3: 76-87.
  • Ueber hyaline Matamorphose des Miliartuberkels.
    Medizinische Jahrbücher, Wien, 1882, 2 Ser., 12: 51-56.
  • Tuberculosis as an infectious disease.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1882-1883, 9: 289-294.
  • Zur Aetiologie der Eiterung. [Virchows] Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für klinische Medicin, 1883, 92: 217-220.
  • The anatomical character of the tubercle.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1882-1883, 9: 289-399.
  • The connection of the lower organisms with infectious diseases.
    Archives of Medicine, 1883, 9: 31-42.
  • A letter from Prague. [Dated July, 1883, signed "W.T.C."]
    The Medical News, Philadelphia, 1883, 43: 160-161.
  • The microscopic investigation of the brain and spinal cord.
    American Monthly Microscopical, 1884, 5: 201-203.
  • A case of hypospadias simulating hermaphrodism: with specimens.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1885, 12: 174-175.
  • Report of two cases of tumor within the cranual cavity.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1884-1885, 12: 331-333.
  • A contribution to the pathology of malarial fever.
    With Alexander Crever Abbot (1860-1935).
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1885, n.s. 89: 416-428.
  • Specimen showing congenital smallness of the right kidney with enormous compensating hypertrophy of the left kidney.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1884-1885, 12: 462-463.
  • Gunshot wound; diverticula of trachea and oesophagus.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1885-1886, 14: 503.
  • Preliminary notes on the study of malarial blood.
    Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1886, 15: 441.
  • Certain elements found in the blood of cases of malarial fever. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, Philadelphia, 1886, 1: 89-97.
  • Further observations in the blood of cases of malarial fever.
    The Medical News, 1887, 50: 59-63.
  • The malarial germ of Laveran.
    American Public Health Association Reports and Papers, 1888, 13: 224-232.
  • Some further investigations on the malarial germ of Laveran.
    Maryland Medical Journal, 1887-1888, 18: 209-211.
    Abstract in The Boston Medical & Surgical Journal, 1888: 119: 436.
  • An address on predisposition in tuberculosis.
    The New York Medical Journal, 1888, 47: 421-436.
  • Neuere Untersuchungen über Laverans Organismus der Malaria.
    Fortschritte der Medizin, Gauting vor München, 1888, 6: 449-460, 500-507.
  • Atypical epithelial growths. [One column : report of meeting]
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1889-1890, 1: 20.
  • Primary tumor of pancreas. [Report at meeting]
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1889-1890, 1: 51-52.
  • Councilman was a contributor to: John Shaw Billings: The National Medical Dictionary : including English, French, German, Italian, and Latin technical terms used in medicine and the collateral sciences, and a series of tables of useful data.
    Philadelphia, Lea Brothers & Co, 1890, 2 volumes, 777, 779 pp.
  • Syphilis of the lung.
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1891, 2: 34-37.
  • Cirrhosis of the liver with glomerulo-nephritis. [1 /1/2 column : report ]
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1891, 2: 40.
  • Acute miliary tuberculosis. [One column : report ]
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1891, 2: 84.
  • The form of dysentery produced by the amoeba coli. [Society report only]
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 1891, 16: 824-825.
  • Amoebic Dysentery. With Henri Amadée Lafleur (1863-1939):
    Johns Hopkins Hospital Reports, 1891, 2: 395-548.
    The authoritative report by William Thomas Councilman and Henri Lafleur, working at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1891, represents a definitive statement of what was known about the pathology of amoebiasis at the end of the 19th century, and much of it is still valid today.
  • Discussion on the fibroid processes.
    Transactions of the Congress of American Physicians and Surgeons. New Haven, 1892, 2: 147-151.
  • Dysentery. The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1892, 128: 188-192.
  • Dysentery. Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, Philadelphia, 1892, 7: 113-140.
  • Recent progress in pathology and bacteriology.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1893, 128: 188-192.
  • The pathological department of the Harvard Medical School.
    Bulletin of the Harvard Medical School Association, 1893, No. 4: 35-46.
  • The parasitic origin of carcinoma.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1893, 128: 392-395.
  • A case of chronic nephritis in a cow.
    The Johns-Hopkins Hospital Reports, 1892-1893, 3: 414-418.
    The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology, London, 1894, 39: 305-311.
  • Gonorrhoeal myocarditis.
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1893, . s. 106: 277-285.
  • Sudden death due to the heart.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1893, 129: 457-462.
    Transactions of the Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society, Cambridge, 1888-1894, 2: 133-147.
  • The pathology and diagnosis if diphteria.
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1893, new series 106: 540-552.
  • The pathological anatomy of diphteria and other pseudo-membranous affections of the throat. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society, June 14, 1893.
    Massachusetts Medical Society Communications, 1893, 16: 258-274.
  • Gonorrhoeal myocarditis.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1894, 5.s.: 55-68.
  • A case of multiple rupture of internal organs produced by a fall.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1894, 130: 109-111.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1894, 5.s.: 69-75.
  • Three cases of occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1894, 130: 410-411.
  • A case of supposed syphilis of the heart.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1894, 5.s.: 86-92.
  • Observations on the kidneys in a case of puerperal eclampsia.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1894, 5.s.: 93-99.
  • The pathology of diphteria. Medical Communications of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Boston, 1893-1895, 16: 721-736.
  • Surgical pathology, including inflammation and the repair of wounds.
    In: William H. Dennis: System of Surgery, Philadelphia, 1895. Volume I: 145-238.
  • Infectious diseases, and the management of hospitals devoted to infectious diseases.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1895, 6.s: 279-294.
  • Osteomalacia. In: Twentieth Century Practice. An International Encyclopedia of Modern Medical Science by Leading Authorities of Europe and America, New York, 1895, 3: 233-249.
  • Recent progress in pathology.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1895, 132: 256-258, 282-284.
  • A study of the lesions in selected autopsies. With Frank Burr Mallory.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1896, 7s.: 216-272.
  • An unusual action of the diphteria bacillus.
    Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1896-1897, 1 (6): 3-6.
  • The results of some recent experiments on the cornea.
    Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1896-1897, 1 (10): 1-17.
  • Remarks on maternal impressions.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1897, 136: 32-34.
  • Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis.
    Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1896-1897, 1 (13): 1-7.
  • An anatomical and bacteriological study of forty-nine cases of acute and subacute nephritis with special reference to the glomerular lesions.
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1897, 8.s.: 31.
  • Teratoma specimens.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1897, 136: 628-630.
  • A case of amoebic abscesses of the liver, with autopsy.
    With John Cummings Munro (1858-1910).
    Medical and Surgical Report of the Boston City Hospital, 1897, 8.s.: 352-358.
  • An anatomical and bacteriological study of acute diffuse nephritis.
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1897, new series, 114: 23-44.
  • A case of double teratoma. With Robert Williamson Lovett (1859-1924).
    The Journal of Experimental Medicine, New York, 1897, 2: 427-438.
  • Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis and Its Relations to Other Forms of Meningitis.
    With Frank Burr Mallory and John Homer Wright.
    A monograph published as a report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts, Boston, 1898, 178 pages. See also Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1897-1898, 2: 53-57.
  • Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis. With F. B. Mallory and J. H. Wright.
    The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1898, new series 115: 251-270.
    Se also The Philadelphia Medical Journal, 1898, 1: 937-946.
  • Acute Interstitial nephritis.
    The Journal of Experimental Medicine, New York, 1898, 3: 393-420.
    Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, Philadelphia, 1898, 13: 300-325.
  • Cerebrospinal meningitis.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1898, 138: 145-148.
  • The course in pathology at the Harvard Medical School.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1900, 142: 558-563.
  • Contributions to the science of medicine by the pupile of William H. Welch.
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 190, 34: 1493-1494.
  • Address at the 10th annual meeting of the Harvard Medical Alumni Association.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1900, 143: 38-42.
  • The relation of the pathological laboratory to hospital work. An address delivered at the opening of the Pathological Laboratory of the Rhode Island Hospital.
    Providence Medical Journal, July 1, 1900, 1: 76-81.
  • The lobule of the lung and its relation to the lymphatics.
    Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1900, 4: 165-168.
  • A study of the bacteriology and pathology of two hundred and twenty fatal cases of diphteria. With F. B. Mallory and Richard Mills Pearce.
    Journal of the Boston Society of Medical Sciences, 1900, 5: 139-319.
  • Opening remarks, first annual meeting of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologist, Boston, April 5 & 6, 1900.
    The Journal of Medical Research, 1900, 6 (n.s. 1), page 2.
  • Glanders. In: Albert Henry Buck (1842-1922), editor: Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. New York: Wm. Wood & Co., 1902, 4: 352-361.
  • Inflammation. In: A. H. Buck, editor: Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences
    New York: Wm. Wood & Co., 1902, 5: I-II.
  • Pathology Syllabus. With F. B. Mallory.
    Boston: J. L. Fairbanks & Co., 1902, 174 pages.
  • Rhinoscleroma. In: A. H. Buck, editor: Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences
    New York: Wm. Wood & Co., 1903, 6: 971-973.
  • Tuberculosis. In: A. H. Buck, editor: Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences
    New York: Wm. Wood & Co., 1903, 7: 886-901,
  • A preliminary communication on the etiology of variola.
    With G. B. Magrath and W. R. Brinckerhoff.
    The Journal of Medical Research, 1903, 9: 372-375.
  • The skin lesions in variola. The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 1903, 40: 1393. [1/2 column Society Report]
  • Address at memorial to Merrill Wyman, M.D.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1903, 149: 202-203.
  • Studies on the Pathology and on the Aetiology of Variola and Vaccinia.
    With G. B. Magrath, W. R. Brickerhoff, Ernest Edward Tyzzer (1875-1965), Elmer Ernest Southard (1876-1920), Ralph Leroy Thompson (born 1873), I. R. Bancroft and Gary Nathan Calkins (1869-1943).
    The Journal of Medical Research, 1904, 11: 1-361.
    Introduction, with G. B. Magrath and W. R. Brickerhoff, pp. 1-11.
  • The pathological anatomy and history of variola. With G. B. Magrath and W. R. Brinckerhoff.
    The Journal of Medical Research, 1904, 11: 12-135.
  • Epicrisis. The Journal of Medical Research, 1904, 11: 345-361.
  • The modern conception and methods of medical science.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1904, 151: 425-433.
    American Medicine, Philadelphia, 1904, 8: 718-724.
    Medical Record, 1904, 66: 555 [2-column report].
  • Pathology syllabus.
    With F. B. Mallory. Boston: J. L. Fairbanks & Co., 1904, 192 pages.
  • The pathology and bacteriology of acute meningitis.
    Albany Medical Annals, Albany, NY, 1905, 26: 149-152.
    Transactions of the Medical Society of New York, 1905: 72-74.
  • Cerebrospinal meningitis.
    American Journal of Public Hygiene, Boston, 1905, 15: 344-356.
  • Some general considerations on the pathology of smallpox.
    American Medicine, Philadelphia, 1905, 10: 689-693.
    American Public Health Association Reports and Papers, 1905, Columbus, Ohio, 1906, 31: 218-229.
  • The pathology of the kidney: some general considerations.
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 1906, 46: 81-85.
  • Studies upon experimental variola and vaccinia in quadrumana.
    By W. R. Brickerhoff and E. E. Tyzzer, with an introduction by W. T. Councilman.
    The Journal of Medical Research, 19065-1906, 13: 213-359. Introduction: 213-222.
  • Changes in the lymphoid tissue in certain of the infectious diseases.
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 1907, 48: 1073-1078.
    Harvey Lecture, l908: 268-286.
  • Smallpox. In: Modern medicine: Its Theory and Practice, in Original Contributions by American and Foreign Authors. Edited by William Osler, assisted by Thomas McCrae. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger, 1907, 2: 250-300.
  • Chickenpox. In: Modern medicine: Its Theory and Practice, in Original Contributions by American and Foreign Authors. Edited by William Osler, assisted by Thomas McCrae. Philadelphia and New York: Lea & Febiger, 1907, 2: 329.333.
  • Some general considerations regarding tumors.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1907, 157: 313-321.
  • The etiological relationship of organisms found in the skin in exanthemata.
    With G. N. Calkins. International Dermatological Congress. Transaction, 1908, 1: 260-266.
  • The methods and the object of state examination.
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, Chicago, 1909, 53: 515-519.
  • The lesions of the skin and tumour formations in xeroderma pigmentosum.
    With G. B. Magrath. The Journal of Medical Research, 1909, n.s. 16: 331-355.
  • The address at the commencement (on disease). Journal of the Alumni Association of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, 1910, 13: 33-50.
  • A series of autopsy protocols from the records of the Department of Pathology of the Harvard Medical School, selected for the purpose of showing the lesions of the body produced in the more common diseases, the mode of production, and the inter-relation of these lesions – together with a table of weights of the body and of the organs at different ages.
    With L. J. Rhea. Without date or place, 236 pages, mimeographed. (from Osler).
  • A medical retrospect. Yale Medical Journal, 1910-1911, 17: 57-77.
  • Myotonia congenita : a report of a case with autopsy. With C. H. Dunn.
    American Journal of Diseases of Children, Chicago, 1911, 2: 340-355.
  • Experiences of a medical teacher.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1912, 166: 951-956.
  • Pathology, a manual for teachers and students.
    Boston: W. M. Leonard, Pub., 1912, 405 pages.
  • The nature of disease.
    California State Journal of Medicine, San Francisco, 1913, 11: 260-267.
  • Tumors. Saint Paul Medical Journal, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1913, 15: 317-333.
  • Diseases and its causes. New York: H. Holt & Co., 1913. 254 pages.
  • Memorial meeting : Reginald Heber Fitz. W. T. Councilman et al.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1913, 169: 893-903.
    Dr. Fitz's contribution to pathology, pp. 895-897.
  • The gliomatous tumors of the brain.
    Long Island Medical Journal, 1914, 8: 401-409.
  • Anatomical considerations of tumors of the brain with special reference to the gliomata. Colorado Medicine, Denver, 1915, 12: 289-301.
  • Ochronosis and alkaptonuria.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1916, 174: 658. [One-column report]
  • Further reflections of a medical teacher.
    The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1916, 66: 2045-2051.
    Bulletin of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 1916-1917, 9: 52-66.
  • The medical part of the Rice expedition to Brazil.
    With Robert Archibald Lambert (born 1883).
    Cambridge, Harvard university Presss, 1918, 126 pages.
  • Charles Sedgwick Minot (1852-1914).
    Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1918, 53: 840-847.
  • Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833-1910).
    Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1918, 53: 872-875.
  • Some of the early medical works of Sir William Osler.
    Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, 1919, 30: 193-197.
  • The conditions presented in the heart and kidneys of old people.
    In: Contributions to Medical and Biological Research Dedicated to Sir William Osler, Bart, M.D., F.R.S., in Honour of His Seventieth Birthday, July 12, 1919, by His Pupils and Co-Workers.
    New York: P. B. Hoeber, 1919. Volume 2: 918-928.
  • Osler in the early days at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
    The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 1910, 182: 341-345.
  • A lecture deklivered to the second-year class of the Harvard Medical School at the conclusion of the course in Pathology, Dec. 19, 1921.
    Last lecture as a teacher of undergraduates in medicine. Privately printed, 23 pages.
  • Plague-like infections in rodents; summarized report. With Richard Pearson Strong (1872-1948). Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, Philadelphia, 1921, 36: 135-143.
  • The root system of epigæa repens and its relation to the fungi of the humus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1923, 9: 279-285.
  • The relation between the roots of plants and fungi. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, New York, 1923-1924, 21: 361-363.
  • McGehee Harvey:
    Amoebic Dysentery Gets Its Name: The Story of William Thomas Councilman.
    Johns Hopkins Medical Journal, 1980, 146 (May): 185-92. (also 199-201.)
  • Harvey Cushing:
    William Thomas Councilman, January 1, 1884-May 26..
    Science, June 30, 1933, 77 (30): 613-618.
  • Esmond R. Long:
    William Thomas Councilman.
    Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Charles Scribner's sons. Volume 3, pp. 447-448.
We thank Rudolf Kleinert, Bad Reichenhall, Germany, for information submitted.

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